INTRODUCCIÓN

La migración es un fenómeno universal que ha estado presente desde la existencia de la humanidad y ha tenido como finalidad el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las personas que se ven en la necesidad de migrar hacia un lugar distinto al de su origen, ya sea de manera nacional o internacional, en condición migratoria regular o irregular. Este fenómeno se encuentra en constante evolución, pues su regulación normativa, así como las causas y formas por las que se migra no son las mismas.

Cabe destacar que la migración conlleva efectos positivos y negativos en los países de origen, de tránsito y de destino, de igual forma que para los propios migrantes, de modo que influye en aspectos económicos, sociales, culturales, políticos, laborales y de seguridad social, entre otros.

Los migrantes, como los sujetos protagonistas de este fenómeno, son quienes deben hacer frente a los retos que se presentan al migrar hacia un país distinto al suyo —por ejemplo, problemas de inseguridad y económicos—, así como a los requisitos que los marcos normativos en materia migratoria del país de acogida establecen para poder acceder a un trabajo y a la protección social. En ese sentido, parece que la integración económica regional y la protección laboral y de seguridad social de los migrantes son dos temas desvinculados. Nos encontramos con una realidad lacerante para los migrantes por las limitaciones a las que se enfrentan:

1. A pesar de pertenecer a países del mismo continente o región, los marcos normativos en materia de migración tienden a ser diferentes o incompatibles en algunos casos.

2. Los países buscan unirse para tener mejores condiciones económicas, principalmente en materia de comercio; sin embargo, las normas que establecen para ello contemplan la libre circulación de mercancías, pero no de trabajadores.

De hecho, las limitaciones en la libre circulación de las personas causan una tendencia hacia la economía sumergida, porque hay una globalización del mercado de trabajo poco cualificado o descalificado en la que hay un trato diferente entre inmigrantes según se trate de regulares o irregulares, situación que puede provocar el reemplazo de trabajadores regulares por irregulares1. Esto corresponde a lo que Javier de Lucas explica en cuanto a que la movilidad es un factor estructural de la globalización, sin embargo, esta no es libre, sino forzada, y se mide con un doble rasero: (i) el de los flujos buenos, que circulan libremente y refieren a varios aspectos, como el capital, la propiedad intelectual y, en materia de trabajo, trabajadores cualificados; y el de los flujos «no deseados», que a su vez encuentran el cierre de la fronteras y la criminalización de las redes por medio de las que se organizan, en el que están los trabajadores de baja cualificación, los refugiados y los inmigrantes forzosos (De Lucas, 2003, p. 44)2.

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