Desde los orígenes de la humanidad, el ser humano ha procurado mejorar sus condiciones de vida y el bienestar de sus congéneres mediante la ciencia y la técnica aplicadas a su propia existencia y a la realidad que lo circunda. En las últimas décadas, gracias al desarrollo científico y tecnológico, hemos experimentado un crecimiento acelerado, que seguramente devendrá exponencial, de las posibilidades que nos ofrecen las denominadas tecnologías convergentes: la genética, la nanotecnología, la neurociencia y la inteligencia artificial.

En este contexto, surge hace más de tres décadas una corriente cultural denominada transhumanismo, movimiento que ha sido definido por uno de sus promotores intelectuales, Nick Bostrom, director del Instituto para el Futuro de la Humanidad de la Universidad de Oxford, como «un movimiento o corriente cultural, intelectual y científica, que afirma el deber moral de mejorar las capacidades físicas y cognitivas de la especie humana, y de aplicar al ser humano la tecnología emergente para que se puedan eliminar aspectos no deseados e innecesarios de la condición humana como serían el sufrimiento, la enfermedad, el envejecimiento y hasta la condición mortal».

El transhumanismo nos sitúa ante multitud de interrogantes, algunos estrictamente científico-prácticos acerca de las posibilidades reales de llevarlo a cabo y otros teóricos. En este movimiento, es fundamental distinguir lo real y factible a corto, medio y largo plazo y la ciencia ficción (como la criogenización o el uploading de la mente a un ordenador). La corriente transhumanista nos pone ante preguntas filosóficas y éticas: ¿quién es el ser humano?, ¿quién el transhumano o el poshumano? ¿Es verdaderamente el ser humano una máquina muy perfecta, tal y como presuponen los transhumanistas, o es algo más? ¿Es deseable la mejora de la especie en el plano físico, genético y cognitivo? ¿En qué condiciones o límites éticos y legales debería realizarse dicha mejora? ¿Está llamado el ser humano a una mejora y a la plena realización o inmortalismo en términos biopsíquicos terrenales, como supone la corriente, o a algo más? ¿Satisfará esta mejora naturalista la búsqueda de sentido y los anhelos del corazón humano?

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